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UK's HM Treasury on-line (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/) New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line (http://www.govt.nz/) First Virtual, the primary cyberbank, open up for enterprise Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) spherical the clock on the web: WXYC at Univ of NC, KJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS at Western WA Univ IPng beneficial by IETF at its Toronto assembly (July) and authorised by IESG in November. Later documented as RFC 1752 The primary banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They had been for Zima (a beverage) and AT&T Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA) is formed by the merger of Rare and EARN, with representatives from 38 countries in addition to CERN and ECMWF. TERENA's purpose is to "promote and take part in the event of a high quality international info and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit of research and training" (October) After noticing that many community software vendors used domain.com of their documentation examples, Bill Woodcock and Jon Postel register the domain. Sure enough, after wanting at the domain entry logs, it was evident that many users were using the example area in configuring their purposes. The first web-based machine translation system is developed by this Timeline's creator, supporting 9 languages, and made out there the following 12 months to a whole bunch of 1000's of customers on OSIS and Intelink, both US authorities networks RFC 1605: SONET to Sonnet Translation RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9 RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE twenty first CENTURY Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macao (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia (NC), Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan (UZ) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, uk, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net 1995 NSFNET reverts back to a research community. Main US spine site visitors now routed by interconnected network providers The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high velocity Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking tremendous-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC Neda Rayaneh Institute (NRI), Iran's first business provider, comes online, connecting through satellite to Cadvision, a Canadian supplier (:rm1:) Hong Kong police disconnect all but one of the colony's Internet providers for failure to acquire a license; hundreds of users are left without service (:kf2:) Sun launches JAVA on May 23 RealAudio, an audio streaming know-how, lets the web hear in close to real-time Radio HK, the primary commercial 24 hr., Internet-solely radio station begins broadcasting WWW surpasses ftp-information in March as the service with greatest site visitors on NSFNet primarily based on packet count, and in April based on byte rely Traditional online dial-up methods (CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy) start to provide Internet access Chris Lamprecht (aka "Minor Threat") turns into the first particular person banned from accessing the Internet by a US District Court choose in Texas Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients begin a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN inflicting fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July) A variety of Net related corporations go public, with Netscape leading the pack with the third largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August) Registration of domain names is not free. Beginning 14 September, a $50 annual charge has been imposed, which up till now was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim foundation for .gov The Vatican comes on-line (http://www.vatican.va/) The Canadian Government comes on-line (http://canada.gc.ca/) The primary official Internet wiretap was successful in serving to the key Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) apprehend three individuals who had been illegally manufacturing and promoting cell phone cloning gear and electronic devices Operation Home Front connects, for the primary time, troopers in the sphere with their families back home through the Internet. Richard White becomes the first particular person to be declared a munition, underneath the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA file safety encryption program tattooed on his arm (:wired496:) RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, internet, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au Technologies of the Year: WWW, Engines like google Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative instruments Hacks of the Year: The Spot (Jun 12), Hackers Movie Page (12 Aug) 1996 Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban the expertise (which has been round for years) Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat, and Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten minutes in a web based interactive chat session on 17 January. The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes legislation within the US with a view to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the net. A number of months later a 3-decide panel imposes an injunction in opposition to its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it unconstitutional in 1997. BackRub, Google's precursor, comes online 9,272 organizations discover themselves unlisted after the InterNIC drops their title service as a result of not having paid their area title payment Various ISPs suffer prolonged service outages, bringing into query whether they will have the ability to handle the rising number of customers. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (thirteen hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - email only) Domain title tv.com sold to CNET for US$15,000 New York's Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated SYN assaults by a cracker utilizing strategies outlined in a hacker journal (2600) MCI upgrades Internet spine including ~13,000 ports, bringing the efficient pace from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. The Internet Ad Hoc Committee broadcasts plans so as to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD): .agency, .retailer, .net, .arts, .rec, .data, .nom. The IAHC plan also requires a competing group of area registrars worldwide. A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out greater than 25,000 messages The WWW browser warfare, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software program improvement, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the assistance of Internet customers keen to check upcoming (beta) versions. Internet2 undertaking is kicked off by representatives from 34 universities on 1 Oct (:msb:) RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths Restrictions on Internet use all over the world: China: requires customers and ISPs to register with the police Germany: cuts off entry to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe Saudi Arabia: confines Internet entry to universities and hospitals Singapore: requires political and religious content material suppliers to register with the state New Zealand: classifies laptop disks as "publications" that can be censored and seized supply: Human Rights Watch Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (Tv), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (Ad), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, web, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Justice (17 Aug), CIA (19 Sep), Air Force (29 Dec), UK Labour Party (6 Dec), NASA DDCSOL - USAFE - US Air Force (30 Dec) Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools, Internet equipment (Network Computer) 1997 2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards" 71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list listing The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas currently dealt with by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. CA*net II launched in June to supply Canada's next generation Internet utilizing ATM/SONET In protest of the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC's owner, Eugene Kashpureff, hacks DNS so customers going to www.internic.net find yourself at www.alternic.net Domain name enterprise.com offered for US$150,000 Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the DNS table for .com and .web domains to change into corrupted, making tens of millions of systems unreachable. Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA 101,803 Name Servers in whois database RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), R of Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), Heard and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories (TF), British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), St Pierre and Miquelon (PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island (AC), US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), Tokelau Islands (TK), Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island (CC), Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), DR of Congo (CD) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil Hacks of the Year: Indonesian Govt (19 Jan, 10 Feb, 24 Apr, 30 Jun, 22 Nov), NASA (5 Mar), UK Conservative Party (27 Apr), Spice Girls (14 Nov) Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies: Push 1998 Hobbes' Internet Timeline is released as RFC 2235 & FYI 32 US Depart of Commerce (DoC) releases the Green Paper outlining its plan to privatize DNS on 30 January. That is followed up by a White Paper on June 5 La Fête de l'Internet, a country-extensive Internet fest, is held in France 20-21 March Web dimension estimates range between 275 (Digital) and 320 (NEC) million pages for 1Q Companies flock to the Turkmenistan NIC with a purpose to register their identify beneath the .tm area, the English abbreviation for trademark Internet customers get to be judges in a efficiency by 12 world champion ice skaters on 27 March, marking the primary time a tv sport show's consequence is decided by its viewers. Network Solutions registers its 2 millionth domain on four May Electronic postal stamps turn out to be a reality, with the US Postal Service permitting stamps to be purchased and downloaded for printing from the online. Canada kicks off CA*web 3, the primary national optical internet CDA II and a ban on Net taxes are signed into US regulation (21 October) ABCNews.com by accident posts take a look at US election returns in the future early (2 November) Indian ISP market is deregulated in November inflicting a rush for ISP operation licenses US DoC enters into an agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers (ICANN) to ascertain a course of for transitioning DNS from US Government management to industry (25 November) San Francisco websites without off-city mirrors go offline as town blacks out on 8 December Chinese government puts Lin Hai on trial for "inciting the overthrow of state energy" for providing 30,000 e mail addresses to a US Internet magazine (December) [ He is later sentenced to 2 years in jail ] French Internet users surrender their entry on thirteen December to boycott France Telecom's local telephone charges (which are in addition to the ISP cost) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Altavista.com (3.3M) to Compaq Open supply software comes of age RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0) Country domains registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM) Bandwidth Generators: Winter Olympics (Feb), World Cup (Jun-Jul), Starr Report (11 Sep), Glenn area launch Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, web, edu, mil, jp, us, uk ,de, ca, au Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Commerce (20 Feb), New York Times (thirteen Sep), China Society for Human Rights Studies (26 Oct), UNICEF (7 Jan) Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection 1999 Internet entry turns into out there to the Saudi Arabian (.sa) public in January vBNS sets up an OC48 link between CalREN South and North utilizing Juniper M40 routers IBM becomes the primary Corporate associate to be authorised for Internet2 access European Parliament proposes banning the caching of Web pages by ISPs The Internet Fiesta kicks off in March throughout Europe, building on the success of La Fête de l'Internet held in 1998 US State Court rules that domains are property which may be garnished MCI/Worldcom, the vBNS supplier for NSF, begins upgrading the US spine to 2.5Gbps A solid Web web page made to look like a Bloomberg monetary information story raised shares of a small expertise company by 31% on 7 April. ICANN broadcasts the 5 testbed registrars for the aggressive Shared Registry System on 21 April: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, Melbourne IT, Register.com. 29 further post-testbed registrars are additionally selected on 21 April, adopted by eight on 25 May, 15 on 6 July, and so on for a total of 98 by 12 months's end. The testbed, initially scheduled to final till 24 June, is extended till 10 September, and then 30 November. The primary registrar to return online is Register.com on 7 June SETI@Home launches on 17 May and inside four weeks its distributed Internet clients provide extra computing power than the most highly effective supercomputer of its time (:par:) First large-scale Cyberwar takes place simultaneously with the war in Serbia/Kosovo Abilene, the Internet2 community, reaches across the Atlantic and connects to NORDUnet and SURFnet The net turns into the focal level of British politics as an inventory of MI6 brokers is launched on a UK Web site. Though compelled to remove the record from the site, it was too late as the listing had already been replicated across the online. (15 May) Activists Net-vast target the world's monetary centers on 18 June, timed to coincide with the G8 Summit. Little precise affect is reported. MCI/Worldcom launches vBNS+, a commercialized version of vBNS targeted at smaller educational and research establishments DoD issues a memo requiring all US military techniques to connect by way of NIPRNET, and never on to the Internet by 15 Dec 1999 (22 Aug) Somalia gets its first ISP - Olympic Computer (Sep) ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF). Vint Cerf serves as first chair Free computers are all the trend (as long as you sign a long term contract for Net service) Country domains registered: Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS) vBNS reaches one zero one connections US$1M+ Domain Sales: business.com (7.5M on 30 Nov), Wine.com (2.9M), Autos.com (2.2M), WallStreet.com (1M in Apr) RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs RFC 2626: The Internet and the Millennium Problem (Year 2000) Top 10 TLDs by Host #: com, web, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au Hacks of the Year: Star Wars (8 Jan), .tp (Jan), USIA (23 Jan), E-Bay (thirteen Mar), US Senate (27 May), NSI (2 Jul), Paraguay Gov't (20 Jul), AntiOnline (5 Aug), Microsoft (26 Oct), UK Railtrack (31 Dec) Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 Emerging Technologies: Net-Cell Phones, Thin Computing, Embedded Computing Viruses of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June) 2000s

2000 The US timekeeper (USNO) and some other time services around the globe report the brand new 12 months as 19100 on 1 Jan An enormous denial of service assault is launched against major web pages, together with Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February Web dimension estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion indexable pages ICANN redelegates the .pn area, returning it to the Pitcairn Island group (February) Internet2 backbone community deploys IPv6 (16 May) Various domain title hijackings took place in late May and early June, together with internet.com, bali.com, and internet.net A testbed permitting the registration of domain names in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean begins operation on 9 November. This testbed, created by VeriSign without IETF authorization, solely allows the second-degree domain to be non-English, nonetheless forcing use of .com, .internet, .org. The Chinese government blocks internal registrations, stating that registrations in Chinese are its sovereignty proper ICANN selects new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro (sixteen Nov) Mexico's connection to Internet2 becomes totally operational as the California research network (CalREN-2) is linked with Mexico's Corporación Universitaria para el Desarrollo de Internet (CUDI) network. Though linked in November, the hyperlink's inauguration by California's Governor and Mexico's President was not until March of 2001. After months of authorized proceedings, the French courtroom guidelines Yahoo! must block French users from accessing hate memorabilia in its public sale site (Nov). Given its inability to supply such a block on the web, Yahoo! removes these auctions fully (Jan 2001). The case is eventually thrown out (Feb 2003). The European Commission contracts with a consortium of 30 nationwide analysis networks for the development of Géant, Europe's new gigabit research community meant to reinforce the present functionality offered by TEN-155 (6 Nov) Australian government endorses the transfer of authority for the .au domain to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN indicators over management to auDA on 26 Oct 2001. US$1M+ Domain Sales: AsSeenOnTV.com (5.1M) RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite Hacks of the Year: RSA Security (Feb), Apache (May), Western Union (Sep), Microsoft (Oct) Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster Emerging Technologies: Wireless units, IPv6 Viruses of the Year: Love Letter (May) Lawsuits of the Year: Napster, DeCSS 2001 The primary stay distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman -- over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb VeriSign extends its multilingual domain testbed to encompass varied European languages (26 Feb), and later the full Unicode character set (5 Apr) opening up most of the world's languages Forwarding email in Australia turns into unlawful with the passing of the Digital Agenda Act, as it's seen as a technical infringement of non-public copyright (4 Mar) Radio stations broadcasting over the net go silent over actor royalty disputes (10 Apr) High faculties in five states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington) grow to be the primary to gain Internet2 entry US Dept of Commerce issues a notice of intent on 6 April to show over administration for the .edu domain from VeriSign to Educause. Award settlement is reached on 29 October. Community schools will lastly have the ability to register beneath .edu Napster keeps finding itself embroiled in litigation and is finally forced to suspend service; it comes again later within the year as a subscription service European Council finalizes an international cybercrime treaty on 22 June and adopts it on 9 November. This is the primary treaty addressing criminal offenses committed over the Internet. .biz and .information are added to the basis server on 27 June with registrations starting in July. .biz area go live on 7 Nov. Afghanistan's Taliban bans Internet entry country-broad, including from Government places of work, in an try to regulate content (thirteen Jul) Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of net servers and e-mail accounts, respectively, inflicting a spike in Internet bandwidth usage and safety breaches (July) A fire in a prepare tunnel operating by means of Baltimore, Maryland seriously damages varied fiber-optic cable bundles utilized by backbone providers, disrupting Internet site visitors within the Mid-Atlantic states and making a ripple impact throughout the US (18 Jul) Brazil RNP2 is linked to Internet2's Abilene over 45Mbps line (21 Aug) GÉANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, becomes operational (23 Oct), replacing the TEN-155 community which was closed down (30 Nov) .museum begins resolving (Nov) First uncompressed actual-time gigabit HDTV transmission throughout a large-area IP network takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov). Dutch SURFnet and Internet2's Abilene connect through gigabit ethernet (15 Nov) .us area operational duty assumed by NeuStar (20 Nov) Email relay established by Sili Bank between Pyongyang, North Korea and Shenyang, China US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16.M in Dec) RFC 3091: Pi Digit Generation Protocol RFC 3092: Etymology of "Foo" RFC 3093: Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP) Viruses of the Year: Code Red (Jul), Nimda (Sep), SirCam (Jul), BadTrans (Apr, Nov) Emerging Technologies: Grid Computing, P2P 2002 US ISP Association (USISPA) is created from the previous CIX (11 Jan) .title begins resolving (15 Jan) .coop registrations begin (30 Jan) Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) is formed composed of two OC-48 2.4GB circuits connecting Internet2 Abiline, CANARIE CA*net3, and GÉANT (18 Feb) .aero registrations begin 18 March and beings resolving 2 September Federally acknowledged US Indian tribes turn out to be eligible to register under .gov (26 Apr) Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest of proposed song royalty rate will increase (1 May) The very best wi-fi community in the northeast US is deployed by this Timeline's author. The solar-powered network bridges Mounts Washington and Wildcat in New Hampshire Abilene (Internet2) spine deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug) The 69/8 IP range is allocated to ARIN in August after having been within the bogon record; users and servers assigned a 69/eight deal with find themselves blocked from many Internet websites Internet2 now has 200 college, 60 corporate, and forty affiliate members (2 Sep) Having your own Blog becomes hip Hundreds of Spain-primarily based websites take their content offline in protest of a new regulation that took effect on 12 Oct requiring all commercial Websites to register with the government A distributed denial of service (DDoS) assault struck the 13 DNS root servers knocking out all however 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst nationwide security issues, VeriSign hastens a deliberate relocation of one of its two DNS root servers A new US law creates a children-protected "dot-youngsters" area (children.us) to be applied in 2003 (3 Dec) The FBI teams up with Terras Lycos to disseminate virtual wished posts across the online portal's properties (11 Dec) RFC 3251: Electricity over IP RFC 3252: Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 2003 Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 Jan. Transition is completed on 27 Jan. By giving up .org, VeriSign is ready to retain control over .com domains The first official Swiss on-line election takes place in Anières (7 Jan) The registration for domain ogrish.com is deleted (11 Jan) by the German registrar Joker.com on the request of a German prosecutor claiming objectionable content; the site nonetheless is hosted within the United States and complies with US laws. The SQL Slammer worm causes considered one of the biggest and fastest spreading DDoS assaults ever. Taking roughly 10 minutes to spread worldwide, the worm took down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers together with tens of hundreds of different servers, and impacted a multitude of programs starting from (bank) ATM systems to air site visitors control to emergency (911) techniques (25 Jan). This is adopted in August by the Sobig.F virus (19 Aug), the quickest spreading virus ever, and the Blaster (MSBlast) worm (eleven Aug), another one of the crucial destructive worms ever Columbia University Professor Tim Wu coins the time period Net Neutrality okay.root-servers.web changes to utilizing nsd vs. bind to extend diversity of software program in the root name server system (19 Feb) .nl registrations open as much as anybody, including individuals and foreigners (29 Jan); .se also opens up its registration in April. .af is redelegated on eight Jan and turns into dwell as soon as once more on 12 Feb with UNDP technical assistance. First domains are moc.gov.af and undp.org.af (15 Feb) .professional sunrise registration begins 23 Apr underneath .cpa.professional, .regulation.professional, .med.professional Flash mobs, organized over the online, start in New York and quickly type in cities worlwide Taxes make headlines as: bigger US Internet retailers begin amassing taxes on all purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the EU requires all Internet companies to gather value added tax (VAT) on digital downloads beginning 1 July The French Ministry of Culture bans the usage of the phrase "e-mail" by authorities ministries, and adopts the use of the extra French sounding "courriel" (Jul) KRNIC begins providing Hangeul.kr domains (19 Aug) .children.us sunrise registration begins 17 June and public registration on 9 Sep The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 individuals on 8 Sep for allegedly distributing copyright music files over peer-to-peer networks VeriSign deploys a wildcard service (Site Finder) into the .com and .net TLDs causing much confusion as URLs with invalid domains are redirected to a VeriSign web page (15 Sep). ICANN orders VeriSign to stop the service, which they comply with on 4 Oct Last Abilene section upgraded to 10Gbps (5 Nov) National LambdaRail introduced as a brand new US R&D networking infrastructure (sixteen Sep). The primary connection takes place between Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) and Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) in Chicago (18 Nov) Little GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) starts operations (22 Dec), consisting of a networked ring throughout the northern hemisphere with connections in Chicago, Amsterdam, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Zabajkal'sk, Manzhouli, Beijing, and Hong Kong. This is the primary-ever fiber community connections across the Russia-China border RFC 3514: The safety Flag within the IPv4 Header (The Evil Bit) 2004 For the first time, there are more cases of DNS root servers outside the US with the launch of an anycast instance of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server Abiline, the Internet2 backbone, improve from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is accomplished (four Feb) Thefacebook launches (four Feb) Network Solutions begins offering a hundred year domain registration (24 Mar) One of the .ly nameservers stops responding (7 Apr) causing the opposite nameserver to go offline (9 Apr), making the area inaccessible. Service is restored 13 Apr ICANN authorizes new gTLDs: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, and .travel VeriSign Naming and Directory Service (VNDS) begins updating all thirteen .com/.web authoritative name servers in near actual-time vs. twice each day (8 Sep) Lycos Europe releases a screen saver to assist combat spam by conserving spam servers busy with requests (1 Dec). The service is discontinued inside a number of days after backbone providers block entry to the obtain site and the service causes some servers to crash. Verizon begins blocking all e mail site visitors from European ISPs on 22 Dec in an try to abate spam from the region into its US network CERNET2, the primary spine IPv6 community in China, is launched by the China Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at speeds of 1-10Gbps (27 Dec) US$1M+ Domain Sales: CreditCards.com (2.75M) Emerging Technologies: Social networking, Web mashups RFC 3751: Omniscience Protocol Requirements 2005 .jobs, .mobi, and .journey start accepting registrations .se becomes the first ccTLD to implement DNSSEC Estonia affords Internet voting nationally for native elections Pakistan suffers a close to full Internet outage as a submarine cable becomes defective (Jun) Two feuding suppliers (Cogent, Level 3) sever their peering connection leading to many purchasers from one provider not with the ability to entry assets on the other's community (Oct) Number of Internet users reaches 1 Billion (Oct) .eu (European Union) launches on 7 Dec US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fish.com (1.02M) RFC 4041: Requirements for Morality Sections in Routing Area Drafts RFC 4042: UTF-9 and UTF-18 Efficient Transformation Formats of Unicode 2006 .cat registrations begin for Catalan-associated domains Zimbabwe looses most of its Internet entry after its satellite tv for pc connectivity is reduce by the provider for non-cost ICANN lifts price controls on .biz, .information, and .org domain names, after the identical was executed for .web in 2005, raising fears of tiered pricing where standard domains would price more US Government prohibits personal (anonymized) area registrations for .us after 26 Jan First tweet is distributed out by Jack Dorsey (21 Mar) -- "simply establishing my twttr" ICANN board votes against .xxx TLD (10 May), only to approve it 5 years later The 6bone, an IPv6 testbed, is phased out after 10 years operation (6 Jun) .ax (Åland Islands) ccTLD comes into service on 15 Aug .cm registry implements wildcard domains redirecting all .com typos to its own web page (Aug) Internet2 connectivity begins switching from Abilene to its new community (Nov) Internet connectivity to southeast Asia is severely restricted after major fiber optic traces are severely damaged by an earthquake in Taiwan and subsequent underwater muslides (Dec) North Korean electronic mail relay upgraded to an always-on connection US$1M+ Domain Sales: Sex.com (14M?), Diamond.com (7.5M), Vodka.com (3M), Cameras.com (1.5M) Emerging Technologies: Cloud computing 2007 ICANN drops .um area name (US minor outlying islands) for lack of use (Jan) Estonia offers the first on-line nationwide parliamentary elections on 26-28 Feb ICANN terminates RegisterFly.com's registrar standing on 16 Mar (effective 31 Mar) Internet2 site visitors within the Northeast US is disrupted on 1 May when a homeless man starts a hearth underneath a Boston bridge inflicting a fiber break Use of #hashtag proposed by Tweeter consumer quantity 1,186, Chris Messina (23 Aug) Internet2's Abilene network is retired (Sep) because the last connections are switched over to the new Level three network Internet2 completes US East to West coast span of its 100GB/s community on 9 Oct .asia sunrise period begins in October US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porn.com (9.5M), Computer.com (2.1M), Seniros.com (1.8M), Tandberg.com (1.5M), Scores.com, Vista.com (1.25M), Chinese.com (1.12M), Guy.com (1M), Topix.com (1M) RFC 4824: The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the Semaphore Flag Signaling System (SFSS) 2008 NASA successfully checks the primary deep space communications network modeled on the internet, using the Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) software program to transmit images to/from a science spacecraft ~20 million miles above Earth Google's crawler reaches 1 trillion pages, although solely a fraction are listed by the search engine. For comparability, Google's unique index had 26 million pages in 1998, and reached 1 billion in 2000 The Middle East, India, and other parts of Africa and Asia see a serious degradation in Internet service, together with outages, after several undersea cables carrying Internet site visitors to the area are cut inside 1 week (Jan-Feb) IPv6 addresses are added for the primary time to six of the basis zone servers (four Feb) YouTube turns into unreacheable for a couple of hours after Pakistan Telecom starts an unauthorized announcement of YouTube's subnet prefix (24 Feb) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fund.com (9.9M), Clothes.com (4.9M), Shopping.de (2.8M), Kredit.de (1.17M), Cruises.co.uk (1.09M), Invest.com (1.01M) RFC 5241: Naming Rights in IETF Protocols RFC 5242: A Generalized Unified Character Code: Western European and CJK Sections 2009 DNSSEC turns into operational on .gov (28 Feb), .org (2 Jun), .us (15 Dec) .tel registrations start Bitcoins begin being minted US Department of Commerce relaxes management over ICANN, in favor of a multi-national oversight group Domain tasting will get severely curtailed after ICANN raises the 2008-launched price for erroneously registered domains from $0.20 to $6.95; domain kiting nonetheless conitnues Twitter is requested by the US Government to delay deliberate upkeep of its service on 15 June because of heavy use by Iranian users during unrest in that nation .se domains develop into unreachable for an hour on 12 Oct after an incorrectly configured software program update modifies all registrations ICANN opens up applications for internationalized domains (sixteen Nov) Crowdfunding becomes a popular technique of raising startup funds; Kickstart founded on April 28 Emerging Technologies: Location consciousness US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16M in Oct), Toys.com (5.1M in Feb), Auction.com (1.7M in Mar), Candy.com (3M in Jun), Webcam.com (1.02M in Jun), Fly.com (1.76M), Call.com (1.1M in Sep), Ticket.com (1.53M in Oct), Russia.com (1.5M in Dec) RFC 5513: IANA Considerations for three Letter Acronyms RFC 5514: IPv6 over Social Networks 2010s

2010 Astronaut T.J. Creamer inaugurates the brand new International Space Station direct link to the Internet (aka Crew Support LAN) with a tweet (22 Jan) -- "Hello Twitterverse! We r now Live tweeting from the International Space Station -- the 1st live tweet from Space! 🙂 More soon, send your ?s" A Chinese root DNS server is taken offline after disrupting some companies in Chile and US (Mar) Google declares on 22 January that along with 20+ different US firms, it had been the target of a cyber attack originating in China, and on 22 March stops censoring its services in China Google+ service launches in public beta on 28 June; surpasses 10M users in Jul 2011, 100M in Feb 2012, and 400M in Sep 2012 Root DNS zone digitally signed (DNSSEC) for first time (15 Jul) Variety of registered domain attain 200M (~ Aug) A BGP experiment between RIPE NCC and Duke U leads to a partial Internet outage (27 Aug) US Senate authorizes US Dept of Homeland Security to seize domains of web sites suspected of piracy (Nov) Myanmar is quickly taken offline by a denial of service assault (Nov) Verisign announced DNSSEC deployed to .net (10 Dec) Photo-sharing sees a renewal with the launch of social-based mostly services reminiscent of Pinterest and Instagram US$1M+ Domain Sales: Poker.org (1M in Feb), Flying.com (1.1M in Apr), Photo.com (1.25M in May), Dating.com (1.75M in Jun), Slots.com (5.5M in Jun), fb.com (8.5M in Sep), Zip.com (1.6M in Oct), Sex.com (13M on 17 Nov) RFC 5841: TCP Option to denote Packet Mood 2011 LinkedIn reaches 100M customers (Mar); surpasses 200M in Jan 2013 Egypt shuts down its final ISP on 31 Jan and stays offline for 2 days Number Resource Organization (NRO) pronounces full depletion of available IPv4 addresses free pool (3 Feb) US Dept of Homeland Defense seizes 10 domains, together with mistakenly mooo.com which hosted 84,000 internet sites and remain unavailable for 2 days (eleven Feb) Internet site visitors in Lybia is significantly curtailed for several days in February APNIC releases last block of IPv4 tackle in its obtainable pool (14 Apr) .xxx goes reside in root servers (15 Apr) First non-Latin TLDs (IDN) are inserted into root zone (5 May): مصر (Egypt), السعودية (AlSaudiah), امارات (Emarat) Millions of .de domains unreachable for hours (12 May) World IPv6 Day is 8 June Variety of Internet users reaches 2 Billion (Nov) US$1M+ Domain Sales: DomainName.com (1M in May), Social.com (2.6M in Jul), Box.com (1M in Jul) RFC 5984: Increasing Throughput in IP Networks with ESP-Based Forwarding: ESPBasedForwarding RFC 6214: Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6 RFC 6217: Regional Broadcast Using an Atmospheric Link Layer 2012 ICANN begins accepting purposes for new generic high-stage domains (gTLDs) on 12 Jan Facebook reaches 1 billion month-to-month active users (604M mobile) on 14 Sep @ 12:50pm PT, with 581M every day on common Amazon becomes the largest hosting location by variety of web-going through computer systems (118k), knocking China Telecom from first place (116k) Canadian online sports activities gambling firm Bodog has its .com area identify ceased by US Dept of Homeland Security, inflicting worry amongst worldwide businesses that may be afoul of US legal guidelines and whose TLDs have US registries World IPv6 Launch is 6 June Minitel shuts down at the end of June GoDaddy service goes down, making millions of web sites inaccessible for a number of hours (10 Sep) RIPE NCC distributes last blocks of IPv4 deal with area from obtainable pool (14 Sep) Twitter surpasses 200M active customers (Dec), and 500M tweets per day (Oct) NASA's Curiosity Rover checks-in on FourSquare from Mars (three Oct) PKNIC is hacked and 284 Pakistani websites, together with apple.pk and google.pk, seem defaced (24 Nov) Syria is disconnected from the Internet for two days (29 Nov - 1 Dec) "Gangnam Style" becomes the primary YouTube video to achieve 1 billion views (21 Dec) US$1M+ Domain Sales: PersonalLoans.com (1M in Feb), GiftCard.com (4M in Oct), Investing.com (2.45M in Dec) RFC 6592: The Null Packet RFC 6593: Service Undiscovery Using Hide-and-Go-Seek for the Domain Pseudonym System (DPS) 2013 Netflix and YouTube account for over 50% of Internet site visitors measured by bytes New gTLDs added to domain identify root zone (24 Oct): شبكة (internet), онлайн (online), сайт (site), and 游戏 (sport) US National Security Agency (NSA) is revealed to be collecting considerable extra Internet information than beforehand thought, together with encrypted data from main Internet sites Yahoo hacked with credentials of 3 billion accounts stolen, not discovered until years later US$1M+ Domain Sales: ig.com (4.7M in Sep), 114.com (2.1M in Jul), ebet.com (1.35M in Oct), kk.com (2.4M in Nov) RFC 6919: Further Key Words for use in RFCs to indicate Requirement Levels RFC 6921: Design Considerations for Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Communication The variety of Internet hosts surpass 1billion (see chart beneath) 2014 Most of the Internet visitors in China is redirected to US-primarily based Dynamic Internet Technology for over an hour (21 Jan) Registration begins for the primary few of tons of new Latin gTLDs, together with .guru, .bike, .clothing, .holdings, .ventures, .singles, and .plumbing (29 Jan) .py ccTLD hacked -- full whois registry information leaked and domains redirected (e.g., google.com.py) (20 Feb) The variety of Web servers surpass 1billion (see chart under) ICANN publicizes that it has begun allocating the remaining IPv4 addresses to the 5 regional Internet registries after LACNIC's provide dropped to below eight million (20 May) After an EU court docket ruling requiring Google to honor "requests to be forgotten", 12,000 requests are submitted in the first day (30 May) Many networks are taken offline because of a Verizon glitch introducing hundreds of new prefixes into the global routing desk, causing well-liked however unpatched Cisco routers to succeed in their 512,000 restrict and crash (12 Aug) RFC 7168: The Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol for Tea Efflux Appliances (HTCPCP-TEA) RFC 7169: The NSA (No Secrecy Afforded) Certificate Extension Hacks of the Year: Sony Pictures, Home Depot, JP Morgan, eBay Bugs of the yr: Heartbleed (Dec 2011 - 7 Apr), Poodle (Nov 1996 - 14 Oct), Shellshock (Sep 1989 - 24 Sep) ICANN area public sale sales (US$): .tech (6.76M), .realty (5.59M), .salon (5.1M), .buy (4.6M), .mls (3.359M), .child (3.09M), .vip (3M), .spot (2.2M) US$1M+ Domain Sales: mm.com (1.2M in Jul), sex.xxx (3M in Jun), medicare.com (4.8M in May), mi.com (3.6M in Apr), 37.com (1.96M in Mar), youxi.com (2.43M in Mar), whisky.com (3.1M in Jan) 2015 A Georgian scavenging for copper cuts off a lot of the Internet in neighbouring Armenia when her spade slices a buried cable (28 Mar) Largest TLDs by zone dimension as of 2Q: .com, .tk, .de, .web, .cn, .uk, .org, .ru, .nl, .information Largest ccTLDs by zone measurement as of 2Q: .tk, .de, .cn, .uk, .ru, .nl, .eu, .br, .au, .fr HTTP header "X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett" is served by ~84,000 internet sites (Jun) 3 months after Sir Pratchett's loss of life Let's Encrypt holds key ceremony to generate the basis key and intermediary certificates for its free certificate authority (4 Jun) and points the primary certificate for helloworld.letsencrypt.org on 14 Sep U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) web neutrality rule takes effect (12 Jun) ARIN activates IPv4 Unmet Requests coverage, rejecting an IPv4 block request for the primary time (1 Jul). ARIN's free pool depletes on 24 Sep. Out of a hundred billion monthly Google searches, these from cellular devices surpass desktops for the primary time 1 billion customers (1 in 7 individuals on Earth) entry Facebook on a single day (24 Aug) IANA designates .onion a particular use area for nameless hidden companies on the Tor community (9 Sep) WordPress powers 25% of web sites as of early November Most of the inner Internet connectivity in Azerbaijan is misplaced on account of a hearth in a telecommunications facility (16 Nov) RFC 7511: Scenic Routing for IPv6 RFC 7514: Really Explicit Congestion Notification (RECN) Hacks of the Year: US Office of Personnel Management, Ashley Madison, Anthem, T-Mobile, IRS ICANN area auction sales (US$): .app (25M), .motels (2.2M), .ping (1.5M) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porno.com (8.8M in Feb), PX.com (1M in Sep), 588.com (1M in Sep) 2016 Internet Society celebrates 25th anniversary (1 Jan) Let's Encrypt points millionth certificate (eight Mar), 2M (21 Apr), 10M (9 Sep), 20M (27 Nov) ICANN introduces 1000th gTLD from 2012 utility window (25 May) United Nations Human Rights Council adopts a resolution on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the internet (27 Jun) A California District Court Judge grants a movement for what is thought to be the first permitted serving of a lawsuit via Twitter (30 Sep) DDoS attacks wreak havoc across the Internet with some topping over 1Tbps in bandwidth and powered by over 150,000 hacked Internet gadgets Several outstanding Internet sites change into unreacheable as domain infrastructure provider Dyn is knocked offline by a DDoS attack (21 Oct) IPv6 reaches 10% deployment globally, and becomes the dominant (>50%) Internet protocol for US cellular networks Coordination and management of the Internet's distinctive identifiers transition to the non-public sector because the IANA contract between ICANN and the US Dept of Commerce's NTIA expires (1 Oct) Yahoo discloses 500 million accounts compromised in 2014 (22 Sep) and that 1 billion accounts have been compromised in Aug 2013 (14 Dec) .cn surpasses .tk in ccTLD zone dimension Annual global IP traffic surpasses 1 zettabyte US$1M+ Domain Sales: HG.com (3.7M in Nov), Vivo.com (2.1M in Nov), Jade.com (1.25M in Jul), LA.com (1.2M in May) 2017 IETF enters into an settlement with the National Library of Sweden for archival of RFC sequence in NLS' bunker (sixteen Jan) Dozens of politically motivated Internet shutdowns happen globally together with in Cameroon (Jan-Apr), Togo (Sep), and Equatorial Guinea (Nov) (:db1:) Average quantity of encrypted site visitors on Firefox surpasses the average unencrypted quantity (Feb) and reaches 66% by yr finish dmoz.org, an early net directory, shuts down after 19 years (17 Mar) AfriNIC is the final Regional Internet Registry to run out of IPv4 addresses (Apr) WannaCry ransomware assault spreads to over one hundred fifty international locations (12 May) IPv6 connectivity advertised by 9M domain names and 23% of all networks Let's Encrypt reaches 100M certificates milestone (28 Jun) A security researcher is able to "hijack" the .io TLD by registering expired nameserver domain names (5 Jul) W3C announced publication of Encrypted Media Extensions, an internet-based mostly digital-rights administration functionality, leading to the primary appeal request in its historical past (6 Jul) Equifax credit score company discovers a breach of its programs that resulted within the disclosure of delicate information on 145M+ folks (29 Jul) Facebook and other social media providers are discovered to have been utilized by foreign governments to influence elections in the U.S. and different international locations Google leaks 160,000 BGP routes in Chicago with 25,000+ of them for NTT OCN significantly impacting Internet visitors in Japan (25 Aug) Hurricanes knock out Internet service to Puerto Rico and other Caribbean islands for extended periods (Aug-Sep) Russia proclaims plans to develop a backup DNS system to be used by BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to be carried out within one yr Zimbabwe loses most of its Internet entry for a number of hours as a result of simultaneous outages at two principal worldwide providers, together with a tractor fiber minimize in South Africa (5 Dec) IP addresses for Google, Facebook, Apple, and others, https://javup.org/ are re-routed to Russian supplier Megafon when certainly one of its transit suppliers leak route knowledge to the worldwide Internet (12 Dec) U.S. FCC votes to repeal internet neutrality (14 Dec) AOL Instant Messenger (Aim) and CompuServe Forums stop service after 20+ years (15 Dec) U.S. Library of Congress announces it'll stop archiving every tweet at 12 months end Facebook reaches 2 billion energetic month-to-month customers, YouTube 1.5B, WhatsApp 1.2B, WeChat 889M, Instagram 700M, Twitter 330M Number of domain title registrations throughout all TLDs surpasses 330M, with 130M in .com, 145M throughout ccTLDs, and 21M throughout new gTLDs, as of 3Q Largest TLDs by zone measurement as of 3Q: .com, .cn, .tk, .de, .web, .uk, .org, .ru, .info, .nl Largest ccTLDs by zone size as of 3Q: .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .ru, .nl, .br, .eu, .au, .fr Largest new world TLD (ngTLDs) as of 3Q: .xyz, .loan, .top, .win, .membership, .online, .vip, .wang, .bid, .site RFC 8135: Complex Addressing in IPv6 RFC 8136: Additional Transition Functionality for IPv6 RFC 8140: The Arte of ASCII: Or, An True and Accurate Representation of an Menagerie of Thynges Fabulous and Wonderful in Ye Forme of Character US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fly.com (2.89M in May), ETH.com (2M in Oct), Freedom.com (2M in May), 01.com (1.82M in Feb), 20.com (1.75M in Apr), MyWorld.com (1.2M in Oct)

In the event you enjoy the Timeline or make use of it indirectly, please let me know. Growth

Early Internet growth: Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks Domains ----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- --------- 12/sixty nine four | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900 06/70 9 | 10/89 159,000 837 10/70 eleven | 10/ninety 313,000 2,063 9,300 12/70 thirteen | 01/91 376,000 2,338 04/71 23 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000 10/72 31 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000 01/73 35 | 01/92 727,000 4,526 06/seventy four sixty two | 04/92 890,000 5,291 20,000 03/77 111 | 07/ninety two 992,000 6,569 16,300 12/seventy nine 188 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,a hundred 08/81 213 | 01/93 1,313,000 8,258 21,000 05/eighty two 235 | 04/ninety three 1,486,000 9,722 22,000 08/83 562 | 07/ninety three 1,776,000 13,767 26,000 10/eighty four 1,024 | 10/ninety three 2,056,000 16,533 28,000 10/85 1,961 | 01/94 2,217,000 20,539 30,000 02/86 2,308 | 07/ninety four 3,212,000 25,210 46,000 11/86 5,089 | 10/94 3,864,000 37,022 56,000 12/87 28,174 | 01/ninety five 4,852,000 39,410 71,000 07/88 33,000 | 07/95 6,642,000 61,538 120,000 10/88 56,000 | 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000 01/89 80,000 | 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000 | 01/97 16,146,000 828,000 | 07/ninety seven 19,540,000 1,301,000 Hosts = a pc system with registered ip tackle (an A record) Networks = registered class A/B/C addresses Domains = registered area name (with name server report) Figure: Internet Domains (1989-1997) [see beneath for 2000-] Figure: Internet Networks Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI ____# Countries____ ____# Countries____ Date I B U F O Date I B U F O ----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- --- 09/91 31 47 79 49 02/94 sixty two 51 125 88 31 12/91 33 forty six 78 53 07/94 75 fifty two 129 89 31 02/92 38 forty six ninety two sixty three 11/94 eighty one fifty one 133 ninety five -- 04/92 40 47 90 sixty six 25 02/ninety five 86 48 141 98 -- 08/ninety two 49 forty six 89 67 26 06/ninety five 96 47 144 ninety nine -- 01/ninety three 50 50 one zero one 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 -- 04/ninety three fifty six 51 107 seventy nine 31 07/97 171 -- 147 108 -- 08/ninety three 59 fifty one 117 84 31 Figure: Worldwide Networks Growth Domain Name Registrations: Figure: Domain Name Registrations (2000-) Internet Hosts: Figure: Internet Hosts

click here for a chart displaying the logarithmic progress of the Internet WWW Growth: Figure: WWW Growth

click on here for a chart displaying the logarithmic development of the Web sites = Variety of web servers (one host might have a number of sites by utilizing totally different domains or port numbers) Notes on causes of signifant increases/drops: - Feb'09 increase likely attributable to 20M new Chinese websites served by qq.com - Aug'09 drop likely resulting from domain expiry on the Planet, together with 5M .pl domains served from one IP alleged to be a linkfarm - Jan'10 drop probably on account of qq.com blogs no longer being publically listed - Jul-Aug'12 drop attributable to elimination of several wildcard hostnames with comparable content material - Sep'12 drop attributable to massive community of linkfarmed domains disappearing from underneath the .com TLD - Nov'14-Jan'15 drop largely attributable to parked websites, with half attributed to a single IP ceasing to host them Facebook Growth: Figure: Facebook Accounts / Monthly Active Users (MAUs) USENET Growth: Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups ---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------ 1979 3 2 three | 1987 5,200 2 957 259 1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 four 1933 381 1981 one hundred fifty 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300 1982 four hundred 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851 1983 600 120 | 1992 63,000 forty two 17,556 4,302 1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279 1985 1,300 1.0 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696 1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614 ~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day Security (CERT/US-CERT) Stats: Date Incidents Advisories Vulnerabilities Tech Alerts ---- --------- ---------- --------------- ----------- 1988 6 1 1989 132 7 1990 252 12 1991 406 23 1992 773 21 1993 1,334 19 1994 2,340 15 1995 2,412 18 171 1996 2,573 27 345 1997 2,134 28 311 1998 3,734 13 262 1999 9,859 17 417 2000 21,756 22 774 2001 52,658 37 2,437 2002 82,094 37 4,129 2003 137,529 28 3,784 2004 3,780 27 2005 5,990 22 2006 8,064 39 2007 7,236 42 2008Q1-3 6,058 29 Hobbes' Internet Timeline FAQ

1. How do I get Hobbes' Internet Timeline? The Timeline is archived at http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/. There are no authorized mirrors for the Timeline. 2. Is the Timeline out there in other languages or editions? Chinese (Big5) by Tony Mao French by Didier Mainguy German by Michael Kaul Hungarian by Zsolt Boros Japanese (PDF) by Katsunori Tanaka Korean by Keonho Lee, KNIC Persian / Farsi (PDF) by Rahi Moosavi Portuguese by Simone Villas Boas In case you are excited about translating to a different language or format, e mail me first 3. Can I re-print the Timeline or use components of it for ... ? Drop me an electronic mail. The reply is almost certainly (though don't assume) 'sure' for non-profit use, and 'maybe' for for-revenue; but to make sure you are not going to break any copyright legal guidelines, drop me an e-mail and await a reply. Also, please note that I get a bunch of requests with improperly formatted return email addresses. If you don't hear from me in a week (typical turn around is < 1 hour), check your header and email again. BTW, don't forget to tell me who you are, your affiliation and how you plans to use the Timeline; anonymous copyright requests will not be granted.

 Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some of the stand-outs being: Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be." This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993. Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School of Communications, Grand Valley State University. javup.org Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC Berkeley. https://javup.org/ Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net." https://javup.org/ Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below) Quarterman, John. "javup.org." Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990 "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". Encyclopedia of Communications, Volume 1. Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991 Internet growth summary compiled from: - Zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at Note: A more accurate host counting mechanism was used starting with 1/98 count. Now available at: http://www.isc.org - Connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/ - ARPAnet maps published in various sources Domain name registrations compiled from Verisign reports. WWW growth summary compiled from: - Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT: http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html - Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/ USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above, and news.lists postings. Lots of historical USENET postings also provided by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com). CERT growth summary compiled from CERT reports at ftp://ftp.cert.org/ CERT stats are also now being made available by CERT at http://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html Many of the URLs provided by Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch) Country-specific Internet Histories: - Australia - "Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia " by Roger Clarke http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html - Australia - "It Started with a Ping" by Jennie Sinclair http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/Anniv.html - Finland - "History of the Internet in Finland" http://www.isoc.fi/internet/internethistory_finland.html - Russia - "Chronology of the Russian Internet: 1990-1999" http://www.zhurnal.ru/staff/gorny/texts/ru_let/ - UK - "Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK" by Peter Kirstein http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html Additional books of interest: - "How the Web Was Born - The Story of the World Wide Web" by James Gillies and Robert Cailliau - "Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its Inventor" by Tim Berners-Lee - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet" by Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon - "Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet" by Stephen Segaller - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business" by Robert H. Reid - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet" by Michael Hauben et al - "Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue" by Carl Malamud Early works of interest: - "As We May Think" by Vannevar Bush, 1945 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm - "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J.C.R. Licklider, 1960 http://apotheca.hpl.hp.com/ftp/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061.html --- Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are: ad1 - Arnaud Dufour amk - Alex McKenzie bb1 - Billy Brackenridge bt1 - Brad Templeton clg - C. Lee Giles db1 - Dave Belson dhr - David H. Rothman dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg ec1 - Eric Carroll esr - Eric S. Raymond feg - Farrell E. Gerbode gb1 - Gordon Bell gck - Gary C. Kessler glg - Gail L. Grant gmc - Grant McCall gst - Graham Thomas irh - Ian R Hardy jap - Jean Armour Polly jg1 - Jim Gaynor jtl - Jon Leighton kf1 - Ken Fockler kf2 - Kinming Fung lb1 - Larry Backman lhl - Larry H. Landweber mpc - Mellisa P. Chase msb - Majorie S. Blumenthal msh - Michael S. Hart par - Pierre A Renaud pb1 - Paul Burchard pds - Peter da Silva ph1 - Peter Hoffman rab - Roger A. Bielefeld rm1 - Rahi Moosavi sc1 - Susan Calcari sk2 - Stan Kulikowski - see sources section sw1 - Stephen Wolff tb1 - Tim Burress tp1 - Tim Pozar vgc - Vinton Cerf - see sources section wz1 - W. Zorn zby - Zenel Batagelj Archive-name: Hobbes' Internet Timeline Version: 25 Archive-location: http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ Last-updated: 1 January 2018 Maintainer: Robert H'obbes' Zakon, timeline@Zakon.org, www.Zakon.org Description: An Internet timeline highlighting some of the key events and technologies that helped shape the Internet as we know it today.